STUDY QUESTIONS
Question 1: What is the classical approach to management?
Question 2: Define scientific management.
Question 3: What is the significance of Taylor’s work at Bethlehem Steel
Company?
Question 4: What is motion study?
Question 5: What are Gantt’s most significant contributions?
Question 6: What is the comprehensive analysis of management?
Question 7: Describe Fayol’s general principles of management.
Question 8: Does the classical approach have limitations?
Question 9: What is the behavioral approach to management?
Question 10: What is the significance of the Hawthorne Studies?
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Answers of STUDY QUESTIONS
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Answers of STUDY QUESTIONS
Answer 1: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
The classical approach to management can best be defined as the approach that
stresses efficiency in the organization through task structuring. The task
structuring involves the analysis of the task to determine the “one best way” to
perform the task. This analysis is broken into two distinct areas: lower-level
management and comprehensive management analysis. Analysis of both areas
concentrates on efficiency and organization.
Answer 2: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Scientific management is a process that attempts to find the “one best way” to
perform a task in order to achieve maximum worker productivity and efficiency.
This process requires scientific inquiry through observation and experimentation,
and results in the scientific design of the task based on these observations.
Answer 3: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Taylor developed the tool of scientific designing of jobs, commonly referred to as
scientific management. Through observation and experimentation, he created
questions and by answering those questions he raised a worker efficiency and
corresponding morale through being more productive.
Answer 4: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Motion study involved the reduction of each job to the most basic movements
possible. These motions were then analyzed to form job performance standards
and to eliminate unnecessary or wasted movements. The analysis was long and
complicated and involved the examination of three variables in the task
situation—the behavioral variables concerning the worker, the work environment,
and the motion itself.
Answer 5: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Gantt sought to increase efficiency through the use of task scheduling and bonus
innovation. Gantt’s research led to the combining of many tasks and the
provision of incentives to increase worker efficiency.
Answer 6: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Comprehensive analysis of management involves studying the management
function as a whole.
Answer 7: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
As a pioneer of administrative theory Fayol outlined the elements of management
through general functions—planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and
control. There are fourteen principles related to these functions. These general
principles are the following::
(1) Division of work. Work should be divided among individuals and groups to
ensure that effort and attention is focused on special portions of the task. Worker
specialization is the best way to use the organization’s human resources.
(2) Authority. Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact
obedience. Responsibility involves being accountable and must be associated
with authority. Whenever one assumes authority, one also assumes
responsibility.
(3) Discipline. The common effort of the workers is necessary if the organization
is to be successful.
(4) Unity of command. Workers should receive orders from only one manager.
(5) Unity of direction. The entire organization should move towards a common
objective, in a common direction.
(6) Subordination of individual interests to the general interests. The interests of
one person should not be put before those of the organization as a whole.
(7) Remuneration. Many variables need to be considered in the determination of
a worker's pay. These variables include cost of living, the success of the
business, business conditions, and the supply of qualified personnel.
(8) Centralization. In this lowering of the importance of the subordinate role, the
degree to which an organization is centralized or decentralized depends upon the
specific organization.
(9) Scalar chain. Managers exist in a hierarchy, each having varying degrees of
authority that decrease as they move down from the level of president. Lowerlevel
managers should, thus, keep upper-level managers informed of their work
activities.
(10) Order. For the sake of efficiency and to keep coordination problems to a
minimum, all materials and people that are related to a specific kind of work
should be assigned to the same general location in the organization.
(11) Equity. All employees should be treated as equally as possible.
(12) Stability and tenure of personnel. Retaining productive employees should
always be a high priority for managers.
(13) Initiative. New or additional work activities taken on through the selfdirection
of the worker should be encouraged by the manager.
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(14) Esprit de corps. Management should encourage harmony and general
feelings among employees.
Answer 8: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
Yes, the primary limitation to the classical approach to management is the lack of
consideration given to the human variable in the organization. The interpersonal
areas of conflict, communication, leadership, and motivation are merely glanced
over, and for the most part, ignored.
Answer 9: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
The behavioral approach to management involves organizational success from an
understanding of people. Unlike the classical approach, production is increased
by understanding the people in the organization and adapting the organization to
them.
Answer 10: Your answer should be similar to the follow:
The significance of these studies was the realization of the importance of human
factors in the organization. The studies showed that the human variable could
directly decrease or increase production levels. Managers recognize that they
had to understand the influence that human factors could exert in an organization
in order to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative effects